By Pluralsight

You might think animation for video games and animation for movies are really the same thing. That’s a fairly common misconception. Even though the same tools and principles of animation apply to both mediums, the processes and techniques actually differ greatly between the two. This article will give you a strong understanding of how creating animations for movies and animation for games is different, and what you need to know if you want to pursue a successful career as a game animator.

What Is Animation?

Animation is a process where multiple snapshots are taken and manipulated by showing them in rapid succession, which creates the illusion that they are moving. This can be done using drawings, models, puppets, computer images, and more. Originally, the method of choice for animation was drawings, which were applied to transparent sheets and then photographed. However, it is now more common for animation to be created using computer-generated imagery, also known as CGI.

What Are the Different Types of Animation?

Animation can be created using numerous techniques. Learn more about some of the different types of animation below.

• Traditional/Classical 2D – This method was used in the early days of animation and was achieved using hand-drawn images for each frame of the story. Subjects were painted onto plastic cells, and those images were captured individually in front of painted backgrounds to create scenes. 
• Digital 2D – This method uses digital technology to create images in a 2D space, similar to drawing them by hand. However, the technology enables animators to complete the process more quickly. Some actions can be performed in batches instead of individually, while others can be narrowed down and simplified. For example, a computer image of a person waving can be manipulated to change only the hand motion in each image, rather than completely re-drawing the entire form. Changes can also be made more easily, such as the color of a dress.
• Digital 3D – This type of animation uses 3D models that are created and manipulated digitally, which is much easier and faster than changing individual images.
• Stop-Motion – Stop-motion animation uses tangible objects, such as clay models. One frame is captured, models are moved ever so slightly, and another frame is captured. Many hours of work are spent creating only minutes of recorded motion.
• Mechanical – Instead of an actual moving robot interacting with other characters, a machine can be manipulated using the methods described above in order to make it appear as though the machine moves on its own.
• Puppetry – Puppets are used, often with interchangeable heads for different expressions, and captured using a stop-motion technique.
• Claymation – Clay models are used and manipulated during a stop-motion filming process.
• Zoetrope – Images are adhered to the inside of a spinning cylinder that resembles a drum. When the cylinder spins, the images appear to be moving. This technique is great for short animation, such as gifs.
• Cut-Out – Paper drawings are cut out and put in front of background settings, then captured using stop-motion animation.
• Sand – This method is arguably one of the most difficult, and therefore most artistically challenging. Sand is set on a lighted table and artists draw images in the sand, erasing and beginning again for each frame with a stunning end result.
• Paint-on-Glass – Similar to sand, images must be at least partially cleared between each frame using turpentine. Each frame is photographed, then the next is painted.
• Pin-Screen – Pins are used to poke a screen, softer for lighter impressions, and harder for larger holes. Light is filtered through to show the image.
• Typography – This technique is used for images of words and letters, typically title sequences.
• Drawn-on-Film – Images are drawn or etched directly onto reels of film, sometimes in a darkroom. 

How Does Animation Work?

Animation uses a combination of images and optical illusion to create the appearance of movement. The human brain will naturally retain an image for a little longer than it actually exists in front of the eyes. When this scientific principle is combined with the animation process – a rapid succession of images – our brains interpret these images as continuous motion. For example, a clay model may be moved a fraction of an inch in each image, and when combined, they make the model appear to be moving. 

How to Make Animations

Using one of the different types of animations listed above, each frame is created and put in chronological order to tell a story. Whether using drawings, 3D objects, or computer programming, the frames are shown in rapid succession to create the illusion of movement. Sound and dialogue are then added to complete the process of bringing the story to life.

You can create your own animations using items around your house and a video camera. Keep in mind, however, that it is not a quick process. You will need an area that can remain undisturbed between work sessions so nothing is changed without your knowledge or approval. The good news is, there are also various computer programs available to help you with the animation process.

Animation in Games

Games are meant to be interactive. When you play a game, you’ll have complete control of the character and the camera. You’re the one driving the story forward and making the character move. So not only does the animation need to look good, it needs to look good from every possible angle. 

For instance, if the game is third person, and the player rotates the camera around they’ll see the walk or run cycle from a completely new angle. This new angle can reveal things like knee pops that may not have been visible in the normal camera view. These are things that a game animator needs to take into account to ensure their animation holds up to whatever the player may throw at it. Unlike animation in a movie where the animator doesn’t need to worry about how it will look from a side view or from behind, creating animations for games needs to look good from any angle. For instance, when implementing the principle of arcs into an animation, the animator needs to ensure the character is following nice smooth arcing motions from any camera angle.

Animation in Movies

When it comes to animation for movies, the animator is only responsible for animating whatever is in the view of the shot camera. In other words they only have to worry about one camera angle at a time. If you’re watching a movie, you hit the “Play” button on a movie you can’t rotate around to look at the whole set. So you’re stuck looking at whatever the camera is viewing.

This allows an animator working on a movie to cheat in many ways, because they know that the shot will only be seen from one angle. So if it looks great from that angle, that’s ultimately all that matters. This isn’t to say animating for movies is easy. Quite the contrary. But there are certain difficulties that arise with video game animation that can be very different than the difficulties that arise with animating for movies. As previously mentioned, in movies the audience has no control over what’s happening. In a sense they’re just along for the ride. If you were to get a behind the scenes look at a movie you’d see a whole set, with the director, lights and many other things sitting right behind the camera. As long as they’re out of the shot of the camera, the audience is never going to see the whole production crew.

How Long Does it Take to Make an Animated Movie?

The length of time needed to complete an animated movie will depend on the style of animation you are using, as well as the length of the movie you are creating. On average, it takes roughly 6 weeks to complete 60-90 seconds of film. A high-quality, professional level, full-length animated movie running about 90 minutes can take anywhere from 200-600 people working for 3-4 years. Lower quality, shorter movies can be made more quickly with fewer people.

Creating Game Animation

As a game animator you’ll be exposed to many more types of animations than what is typically found in a movie like Pixar or DreamWorks produces. You may find yourself creating animations for fantasy creatures, giants, combat maneuvers, scripted events, etc. And you’ll do many different types of cycles, not just walk and run cycles. For instance, most games will need to have a breathing cycle, an idle stance cycle (when the character is standing still) crouching and walking, walking forward while aiming a gun, laying down and crawling forward, the list goes on. You can get an idea of what these look like in the Bringing the Hero to Life for the Indie Game Development Pipeline article.

Most games are driven by body mechanics, so you’ll need to spend a lot of time perfecting your body mechanics to be successful in games. That’s not to say you won’t be animating any acting scenes, but if you look back at the last video game you played, you’ll probably see just how body mechanics heavy it is.

The timing for animations in games is often determined by the needs of the player inputs. Nothing is more frustrating than getting caught in a gun fight in Call of Duty and suddenly having to reload, typically resulting in your death. But those reload animations have be timed perfectly to enhance the gameplay. For instance, you want a reload animation to be fast enough so the player can get back to the action, but also slow enough to be realistic, and add a challenge for the player.

Working in Games

Typically each animation you’re given must be completed in a much shorter amount of time than film. It’s not uncommon in feature film animations for an animator to have several months to finish a single shot, depending on how complex it is. In games the turn around is much faster, while the animations may not need to be as perfected as in a movie, they still must look good in the game. The number of passes you can have on a single animation are often much smaller, simply because you won’t have the time to go from blocking, blocking version 2, blocking version 3, etc. You will need to find ways to get from blocking to the finished animation in the shortest amount of time. Since there is less time to refine your work, you will need to have a greater understanding of the animation and the purpose of it, and what you want the player to feel. Game animation isn’t about creating top-notch performances like in Frozen, but about ensuring the animation will work well for the player.

Working with Motion Capture

While there’s a huge emphasis on body mechanics in game animation, there’s still a need to push the story forward, and as hardware progresses games are becoming even more story-driven. For instance, look at the Uncharted series or The Last of Us as great examples of story-driven games. Video games are typically a much more realistic style of animation, rather than something like Toy Story or Megamind, of course there are more stylized animations in games like Wildstar but for the most part games try to be grounded in realism to help keep the player engrossed in the gameplay. To ensure the game is as realistic as possible motion capture is a technique that’s being used more often, especially for the more subtle acting cut scenes like you would find in The Last of Us. As a video game animator motion capture is something you will need to become familiar with, because more studios are implementing it into their pipeline. This does not mean traditional animation is not needed, but you will often need to use motion caption data as a starting point in your animations, and build off from there. To learn more about motion capture, check out Introduction to Motion Capture in MotionBuilder. Animating for games can bring a whole new set of challenges to the table, but it’s also very rewarding. If you’re interested in pursuing game animation make sure you check out the 3D animation tutorials to help you push your skills further. If you have any questions about the differences between animating for games and movies make sure to leave them in the comments below!